1573. Number of Ways to Split a String
Problem Description
The problem involves a binary string s
, which consists only of '0's and '1's. The task is to find out how many different ways we can split this string into three non-empty substrings (s1
, s2
, and s3
) such that the number of '1's is the same in each substring. If this condition cannot be met, we should return 0. If there are multiple ways to split the string that satisfy the condition, we should return the total count of such possibilities. Since the number of ways can be very large, it is only required to return the result modulo 10^9 + 7
.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
- If
s
is split intos1
,s2
, ands3
, thens1 + s2 + s3 = s
, which means they are consecutive parts of the original string. - All three parts must have the same number of '1's, which also implies that the total number of '1's in
s
must be divisible by 3. - If
s
doesn't contain any '1's, any split that partitionss
into three parts would satisfy the condition since each part will have zero '1's. - If the total number of '1's in
s
isn't divisible by 3, there is no way to splits
to satisfy the given condition, so the result is 0.
Intuition
The solution is built on the understanding that to split the string into three parts with an equal number of '1's, the number of '1's must be divisible by 3.
- We start by counting the total number of '1's in the string. If the count is not divisible by 3, we can immediately return 0, since it's impossible to divide the '1's equally into three parts.
- If there are no '1's, then the binary string consists only of '0's. The string can then be split in any place between the '0's. The number of ways to choose two split points in a string of length
n
is(n-1)*(n-2)/2
. - If there are '1's in the string, we need to find the split points that give us the correct distribution of '1's. To do this, the following steps are taken:
- We find the indices of the first and second occurrences of the
cnt
-th '1' (wherecnt
is the total number of '1's divided by 3), as well as the indices for the first and second occurrences of the 2*cnt
-th '1'. - These indices help us identify the positions at which we can make our splits.
- The number of ways to make the first split is the difference between the second and first occurrences of the
cnt
-th '1'. - The number of ways to make the second split is similarly the difference between the second and first occurrences of the 2*
cnt
-th '1'. - Multiplying these two numbers gives us the total number of ways to split the string to ensure all three parts have the same number of '1's.
- We find the indices of the first and second occurrences of the
The modulus operation is used to ensure the result stays within numerical bounds as per the problem's instructions.
Learn more about Math patterns.
Solution Approach
In the given solution, the algorithm begins with some pre-processing to calculate the total number of '1's present in the input string s
. This uses the sum
function and a generator expression to count '1's, sum(c == '1' for c in s)
. The result is then divided by 3 with the divmod
function, which returns a tuple containing the quotient and the remainder.
- If the remainder is not zero, it indicates that it's impossible to distribute '1's equally into three parts, and the function immediately returns
0
. - If the quotient is zero (i.e., no '1's in the string), the solution uses the combination formula to calculate the number of ways to choose two positions out of
n-1
possible positions as split points. This is done using the formula((n - 1) * (n - 2) // 2) % mod
, wheren
is the length of the string andmod
is the required modulus10^9 + 7
.
Next, the solution involves finding the exact points to split the string when '1's exist. For this purpose, the find
function is defined, which iterates over the string and counts '1's until it reaches a target number (for example, the cnt
-th '1' or 2*cnt
-th '1'). It returns the index where this occurs.
- The
find
function is used four times to find two pairs of indices:i1, i2
, which are the indices before and after the last '1' in the first third of '1's, andj1, j2
, the corresponding indices for the second third of '1's. i1
is obtained by looking for thecnt
-th '1', whilei2
is obtained by searching for the occurrence of one more '1' afteri1
(i.e.,cnt + 1
). Similarly,j1
is the index of the 2*cnt
-th '1' andj2
for one more '1' afterj1
(i.e., 2*cnt
+ 1).- These indices mark the possible split points just before and after the identified '1's.
Once the split points are determined, the total number of ways to split s
is the product of the number of ways to split at each pair of indices i
and j
, effectively (i2 - i1) * (j2 - j1)
. The product is taken modulo mod
to avoid large numbers and comply with the problem's requirement to output the result modulo 10^9 + 7
.
The solution effectively leverages basic counting principles and a single pass through the string to accomplish the task, ensuring a linear time complexity proportionate to the length of the string s
. It uses very few additional data structures outside of basic counters and indices.
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Start EvaluatorExample Walkthrough
Let's consider a small example to illustrate the solution approach with a binary string s = "0011001"
.
- First, we count the total number of
'1'
s in the strings
. There are3
ones in0011001
. - We check if the total number of
'1'
s is divisible by 3. Since3
is divisible by3
, we can proceed. - We need to find the partition points in the string such that each partition contains exactly one
'1'
. - We start scanning the string to find the
1st
'1'
, which is thecnt
-th'1'
(in our case,1
as3/3=1
), and we find it at index2
. - We continue scanning to find the occurrence of the next
'1'
after thecnt
-th'1'
, which is at index3
. This gives us our first potential split between indices2
and3
. - We repeat the process for finding the
2*cnt
-th'1'
and the first occurrence after that. We find the next'1'
at index4
and the one after that at index6
. - These indices give us the second potential split between indices
4
and6
.
Now, let's calculate how many ways we can split s
at these points:
- The first split can occur at either index
2
or3
, so 2 ways (i2 - i1
wherei1 = 2
andi2 = 3
). - The second split can occur at either index
4
or6
, so 3 ways (j2 - j1
wherej1 = 4
andj2 = 6
).
To find the total number of ways to split the string to ensure all three parts have the same number of '1'
s, we multiply the number of ways for each split.
- This gives us
2 * 3 = 6
ways to split the string0011001
into three parts, each containing the same number of'1'
s.
The result we obtained is the direct application of the algorithm described in the solution. The modulus operation is not necessary in this example because our final count is already within the bounds of 10^9 + 7
. However, in a solution implementation, the count would be taken modulo 10^9 + 7
as specified.
Solution Implementation
1class Solution:
2 def numWays(self, s: str) -> int:
3 def find_nth_occurrence(x):
4 """Find the index of the nth occurrence of '1' in the string."""
5 total_ones = 0
6 # Enumerate over string characters and count ones
7 for index, char in enumerate(s):
8 total_ones += int(char == '1')
9 # When the nth occurrence is reached, return the index
10 if total_ones == x:
11 return index
12 return None # If the nth occurrence doesn't exist
13
14 # Count the total number of '1's in the string and check if it can be divided into 3 parts
15 ones_count, remainder = divmod(sum(char == '1' for char in s), 3)
16
17 # If it's not divisible by 3, there are no ways to split, return 0
18 if remainder:
19 return 0
20
21 n = len(s) # Length of the input string
22 # A modulus constant for the result as per LeetCode's requirement
23 mod = 10**9 + 7
24
25 # When there are no '1's, we can choose 2 points to split the '0's into 3 parts
26 if ones_count == 0:
27 # Computing combination n-1 choose 2
28 return ((n - 1) * (n - 2) // 2) % mod
29
30 # Find the indices for splitting
31 # The first split is after the 'ones_count'th '1'
32 first_split_index_start = find_nth_occurrence(ones_count)
33 # The second split is after the first '1' that follows the first split
34 first_split_index_end = find_nth_occurrence(ones_count + 1)
35
36 # Similarly for the second split
37 second_split_index_start = find_nth_occurrence(ones_count * 2)
38 second_split_index_end = find_nth_occurrence(ones_count * 2 + 1)
39
40 # Calculate the number of ways to split for the first and second split
41 # Multiply them and return the result modulo 10^9 + 7
42 return (first_split_index_end - first_split_index_start) * (second_split_index_end - second_split_index_start) % mod
43
44# Example usage:
45sol = Solution()
46result = sol.numWays("10101") # Should return 4 as there are four ways to split "10101" into three parts with equal number of '1's.
47print(result) # Output: 4
48
1class Solution {
2 private String binaryString; // Renamed s to binaryString for clarity
3
4 // Method to count the number of ways to split the given string in three parts with an equal number of '1's
5 public int numWays(String binaryString) {
6 this.binaryString = binaryString; // Initializing the class-level variable
7 int onesCount = 0; // Counter for the number of '1's in the string
8 int stringLength = binaryString.length(); // Store the length of the string
9
10 // Count the number of '1's in the string
11 for (int i = 0; i < stringLength; ++i) {
12 if (binaryString.charAt(i) == '1') {
13 ++onesCount;
14 }
15 }
16
17 int remainder = onesCount % 3; // Calculate remainder to check if onesCount is divisible by 3
18 if (remainder != 0) {
19 // If not divisible by three, return 0 as it's impossible to split the string properly
20 return 0;
21 }
22 final int mod = (int) 1e9 + 7; // Modulus value for the result
23
24 // If the string contains no '1's, calculate the number of ways to split the zeros
25 if (onesCount == 0) {
26 // Number of subarrays is a combination: Choose 2 from stringLength - 1 and take mod
27 return (int) (((stringLength - 1L) * (stringLength - 2) / 2) % mod);
28 }
29
30 onesCount /= 3; // Divide the count of '1's by 3 to find the size of each part
31 // Find positions around the first third
32 long firstCutStart = findCutPosition(onesCount);
33 long firstCutEnd = findCutPosition(onesCount + 1);
34 // Find positions around the second third
35 long secondCutStart = findCutPosition(onesCount * 2);
36 long secondCutEnd = findCutPosition(onesCount * 2 + 1);
37 // Calculate the number of ways to make the cuts and take mod
38 return (int) ((firstCutEnd - firstCutStart) * (secondCutEnd - secondCutStart) % mod);
39 }
40
41 // Helper method to find the cut positions in the binary string
42 private int findCutPosition(int targetOnesCount) {
43 int tempCounter = 0; // Temporary counter to track the number of '1's
44 // Look for the position in the string that corresponds to the target count of '1's
45 for (int i = 0;; ++i) {
46 tempCounter += binaryString.charAt(i) == '1' ? 1 : 0;
47 if (tempCounter == targetOnesCount) {
48 // Once found, return the index of the string at that count
49 return i;
50 }
51 }
52 }
53}
54
1class Solution {
2public:
3 int numWays(string s) {
4 // Count the number of '1's in the string.
5 int oneCount = 0;
6 for (char c : s) {
7 oneCount += (c == '1');
8 }
9
10 // If oneCount is not divisible by 3, there's no way to split.
11 if (oneCount % 3 != 0) {
12 return 0;
13 }
14
15 // Define modulo for the result as required by the problem.
16 const int MOD = 1e9 + 7;
17 int length = s.size();
18
19 // If there are no '1's in the string, return the number of ways to choose
20 // the points to split the string in 3 parts, avoiding permutations.
21 if (oneCount == 0) {
22 return ((long long)(length - 1) * (long long)(length - 2) / 2) % MOD;
23 }
24
25 // Adjust oneCount to be one third of the original oneCount
26 oneCount /= 3;
27
28 // Helper lambda function to find the index of the start of a particular group of '1's.
29 auto findIndexOfGroupStart = [&](int groupCount) -> int {
30 int count = 0;
31 for (int i = 0; ; ++i) {
32 count += (s[i] == '1');
33 if (count == groupCount) {
34 return i;
35 }
36 }
37 };
38
39 // Find the indices where the first and second splits should occur.
40 int firstSplitStart = findIndexOfGroupStart(oneCount);
41 int firstSplitEnd = findIndexOfGroupStart(oneCount + 1);
42 int secondSplitStart = findIndexOfGroupStart(oneCount * 2);
43 int secondSplitEnd = findIndexOfGroupStart(oneCount * 2 + 1);
44
45 // Calculate the number of ways to make the splits and return the result module MOD.
46 return ((long long)(firstSplitEnd - firstSplitStart) * (long long)(secondSplitEnd - secondSplitStart)) % MOD;
47 }
48};
49
1// Global variable to define modulo for the result as required by the problem
2const MOD: number = 1e9 + 7;
3
4// Function to count the number of '1's in the string
5function countOnes(s: string): number {
6 let oneCount = 0;
7 for (let c of s) {
8 oneCount += (c === '1') ? 1 : 0;
9 }
10 return oneCount;
11}
12
13// Function to find the index of the start of a particular group of '1's
14function findIndexOfGroupStart(s: string, groupCount: number): number {
15 let count = 0;
16 for (let i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
17 if (s[i] === '1') count++;
18 if (count === groupCount) {
19 return i;
20 }
21 }
22 return -1; // This condition should not happen due to input constraints
23}
24
25// Function that calculates the number of ways the input string s can be split into three parts with equal number of '1's
26function numWays(s: string): number {
27 let oneCount = countOnes(s);
28 let length = s.length;
29
30 // If oneCount is not divisible by 3, there's no way to split the string
31 if (oneCount % 3 !== 0) {
32 return 0;
33 }
34
35 // If there are no '1's in the string, return the number of ways to choose
36 // the points to split the string in 3 parts, avoiding permutations.
37 if (oneCount === 0) {
38 // Using modular arithmetic for calculating binomial coefficient (n - 1) choose 2
39 return (((length - 1) * (length - 2) / 2) % MOD);
40 }
41
42 // Adjust oneCount to be one third of the original oneCount
43 oneCount /= 3;
44
45 // Find the indices where the first and second splits should occur
46 let firstSplitStart = findIndexOfGroupStart(s, oneCount);
47 let firstSplitEnd = findIndexOfGroupStart(s, oneCount + 1);
48 let secondSplitStart = findIndexOfGroupStart(s, oneCount * 2);
49 let secondSplitEnd = findIndexOfGroupStart(s, oneCount * 2 + 1);
50
51 // Calculate the number of ways to make the first and the second split.
52 // Multiply the number of zeroes between the adjacent groups of '1', and take the result module MOD
53 return ((firstSplitEnd - firstSplitStart) * (secondSplitEnd - secondSplitStart)) % MOD;
54}
55
56// Example usage:
57// const s: string = "10101";
58// console.log(numWays(s)); // The output would be 4
59
Time and Space Complexity
Time Complexity
The given code snippet includes three significant calculations: counting the number of 1's in the string, finding the indices where certain counts of 1's occur, and calculating the total number of ways to split the string.
-
Counting the number of 1's: This is done by iterating over each character in the string once. This operation takes
O(n)
time wheren
is the length of the strings
. -
Finding the indices with the help of the
find
function: This function is called four times. Each call to thefind
method iterates over the entire string in the worst-case scenario, which makes itO(n)
for each call. Therefore, for four calls, the time complexity associated with thefind
function isO(4 * n)
which simplifies toO(n)
. -
Calculating combinations for zero counts of 1's: The calculation
((n - 1) * (n - 2) // 2) % mod
is executed in constant timeO(1)
, as it doesn't depend on the size of the input string beyond the length calculation.
Hence, the overall time complexity of the code is O(n)
for scanning the string to count the number of 1's plus O(n)
for the find
operations, which simplifies to O(n)
.
Space Complexity
-
cnt
andm
: These are constant-size integers, which occupyO(1)
space. -
Counting 1's: The sum comprehension iterates over the string and counts the number of '1's, which does not require additional space, so it is
O(1)
. -
Variables
i1
,i2
,j1
,j2
, andn
: They are also constant-size integers, with no additional space dependent on the input size, so this isO(1)
. -
The function
find
usesi
andt
which again are constant-size integers, henceO(1)
space.
As there are no data structures used that scale with the size of the input, the overall space complexity of the code is O(1)
, which represents constant space usage.
Learn more about how to find time and space complexity quickly using problem constraints.
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