Problem Description

You have a knight piece on an infinite chessboard, initially positioned at coordinate [0, 0]. The chessboard extends infinitely in all directions (from negative infinity to positive infinity).

A knight in chess moves in an "L" shape - it can move exactly 2 squares in one cardinal direction (horizontal or vertical) and then 1 square perpendicular to that direction, or 1 square in a cardinal direction and then 2 squares perpendicular. This gives the knight 8 possible moves from any position:

• (-2, 1), (-1, 2), (1, 2), (2, 1)
• (2, -1), (1, -2), (-1, -2), (-2, -1)

Given a target position [x, y], you need to find the minimum number of moves required for the knight to reach that position from its starting position [0, 0].

The problem guarantees that a solution always exists - the knight can always reach any position on the infinite board given enough moves.

For example, if the target is [2, 1], the knight can reach it in just 1 move by moving 2 squares horizontally and 1 square vertically. If the target is [5, 5], it would take 4 moves to reach that position.

The solution uses BFS (Breadth-First Search) to find the shortest path. Starting from [0, 0], it explores all positions reachable in 1 move, then all positions reachable in 2 moves, and so on, until it reaches the target position [x, y]. The BFS approach guarantees finding the minimum number of moves since it explores positions level by level.

Flowchart Walkthrough

First, let's pin down the algorithm using the Flowchart. Here's a step-by-step walkthrough:

Is it a graph?

• Yes: The chessboard can be modeled as a graph where each position is a node, and edges connect positions that a knight can move between in one step. The knight's movement creates a graph structure.

Is it a tree?

• No: The graph is not a tree because there can be multiple paths to reach the same position, and cycles are possible (a knight can return to previously visited positions).

Is the problem related to directed acyclic graphs?

• No: The graph is not acyclic - the knight can move back and forth between positions creating cycles.

Is the problem related to shortest paths?

• Yes: We need to find the minimum number of moves (shortest path) from the starting position [0, 0] to the target position [x, y].

Is the graph Weighted?

• No: Each move of the knight counts as exactly 1 step. All edges have the same weight (unweighted graph).

BFS

• Yes: For unweighted shortest path problems, BFS is the optimal choice.

Conclusion: The flowchart correctly leads us to use BFS (Breadth-First Search) for this problem. BFS is perfect here because:

1. We're dealing with an unweighted graph (each knight move = 1 step)
2. We need the shortest path from source to destination
3. BFS explores nodes level by level, guaranteeing the first time we reach the target is via the shortest path

Intuition

When we think about how a knight moves on a chessboard, we realize that from any position, it can reach exactly 8 different positions (assuming they're all within bounds). This creates a natural graph structure where each position is connected to 8 other positions.

The key insight is that we want the minimum number of moves, which immediately suggests thinking about shortest path algorithms. Since each knight move counts as exactly 1 step regardless of direction or distance covered, we're dealing with an unweighted graph problem.

For unweighted shortest path problems, BFS is the go-to algorithm because it explores positions level by level:

• Level 0: Starting position [0, 0]
• Level 1: All positions reachable in 1 move
• Level 2: All positions reachable in 2 moves
• And so on...

The first time BFS encounters the target position [x, y], we know we've found the shortest path because BFS explores all positions at distance k before exploring any position at distance k+1.

The implementation uses a queue to maintain positions to explore and a visited set to avoid revisiting positions (which would create unnecessary work). Each iteration of the outer loop represents one more move, and we explore all positions reachable with the current number of moves before incrementing the move counter.

The eight possible knight moves [(-2,1), (-1,2), (1,2), (2,1), (2,-1), (1,-2), (-1,-2), (-2,-1)] represent the "L-shaped" movement pattern. From any position (i, j), we simply add these offsets to get all reachable positions and continue the BFS exploration.

Learn more about Breadth-First Search patterns.

Solution Approach

The solution implements a standard BFS approach with a queue and visited set. Let's walk through the implementation details:

Data Structures Used:

1. Queue (deque): Stores positions to explore in FIFO order, ensuring we process positions level by level
2. Visited Set (vis): Tracks already visited positions to avoid redundant exploration
3. Direction Array (dirs): Stores the 8 possible knight moves as coordinate offsets

Algorithm Implementation:

1. Initialization:

   • Start with the knight at position (0, 0) in the queue
   • Mark (0, 0) as visited
   • Set move counter ans = 0

2. BFS Exploration:

   • Process all positions at the current level (current move count)
   • For each position (i, j) in the current level:
     • Check if we've reached the target (x, y) - if yes, return the current move count
     • Generate all 8 possible next positions by adding direction offsets
     • For each new position (c, d):
       • If not visited, mark it as visited and add to queue for next level

3. Level Tracking:

   • The outer while loop continues as long as there are positions to explore
   • The inner for loop processes exactly len(q) positions - all positions reachable with the current number of moves
   • After processing each level, increment ans by 1

Key Optimization Points:

The reference mentions Bidirectional BFS as an optimization technique. Instead of searching only from start to end, bidirectional BFS searches from both directions simultaneously:

1. Maintain two queues: q1 for forward search (start → end) and q2 for backward search (end → start)
2. Maintain two hash maps: m1 and m2 to record visited nodes and their distances
3. Always expand the smaller queue first to minimize the search space
4. When a position is found that's been visited from the opposite direction, the shortest path is found (sum of distances from both directions)
5. If either queue becomes empty, no path exists

The bidirectional approach significantly reduces the search space, especially when the target is far from the origin, as it explores roughly 2 × sqrt(n) nodes instead of n nodes in the worst case.

Time Complexity: O(|x| × |y|) - In the worst case, we might need to explore positions in a region proportional to the target coordinates Space Complexity: O(|x| × |y|) - For storing visited positions in the set

Example Walkthrough

Let's walk through finding the minimum moves for a knight to reach position [2, 3] from [0, 0].

Initial Setup:

• Start: [0, 0]
• Target: [2, 3]
• Queue: [[0, 0]]
• Visited: {(0, 0)}
• Moves: 0

Move 1 - Explore from [0, 0]: From [0, 0], the knight can reach 8 positions:

• [0, 0] + [-2, 1] = [-2, 1] ✓ Add to queue
• [0, 0] + [-1, 2] = [-1, 2] ✓ Add to queue
• [0, 0] + [1, 2] = [1, 2] ✓ Add to queue
• [0, 0] + [2, 1] = [2, 1] ✓ Add to queue
• [0, 0] + [2, -1] = [2, -1] ✓ Add to queue
• [0, 0] + [1, -2] = [1, -2] ✓ Add to queue
• [0, 0] + [-1, -2] = [-1, -2] ✓ Add to queue
• [0, 0] + [-2, -1] = [-2, -1] ✓ Add to queue

Queue after Move 1: [[-2,1], [-1,2], [1,2], [2,1], [2,-1], [1,-2], [-1,-2], [-2,-1]] None match target [2, 3], continue...

Move 2 - Explore all positions reachable in 1 move: Process each position from Move 1. Let's focus on [1, 2] which is close to our target:

From [1, 2], applying the 8 moves:

• [1, 2] + [-2, 1] = [-1, 3]
• [1, 2] + [-1, 2] = [0, 4]
• [1, 2] + [1, 2] = [2, 4]
• [1, 2] + [2, 1] = [3, 3]
• [1, 2] + [2, -1] = [3, 1]
• [1, 2] + [1, -2] = [2, 0]
• [1, 2] + [-1, -2] = [0, 0] (already visited, skip)
• [1, 2] + [-2, -1] = [-1, 1]

Similarly, from [2, 1]:

• [2, 1] + [-2, 1] = [0, 2]
• [2, 1] + [-1, 2] = [1, 3]
• [2, 1] + [1, 2] = [3, 3] (might be duplicate)
• [2, 1] + [2, 1] = [4, 2]
• [2, 1] + [2, -1] = [4, 0]
• [2, 1] + [1, -2] = [3, -1]
• [2, 1] + [-1, -2] = [1, -1]
• [2, 1] + [-2, -1] = [0, 0] (already visited, skip)

After processing all 8 positions from Move 1, none match [2, 3].

Move 3 - Explore all positions reachable in 2 moves: Continue BFS. When processing position [0, 2] (reachable in 2 moves):

From [0, 2]:

• [0, 2] + [-2, 1] = [-2, 3]
• [0, 2] + [-1, 2] = [-1, 4]
• [0, 2] + [1, 2] = [1, 4]
• [0, 2] + [2, 1] = [2, 3] ✓ TARGET FOUND!

The BFS finds [2, 3] after 3 moves, so the minimum number of moves is 3.

Path visualization: One optimal path: [0, 0] → [2, 1] → [0, 2] → [2, 3]

This demonstrates how BFS systematically explores all positions level by level, guaranteeing the first time we reach the target is via the shortest path.

Solution Implementation

Time and Space Complexity

Time Complexity: O(max(|x|, |y|)^2)

The algorithm uses BFS to find the shortest path from (0, 0) to (x, y). In the worst case, the knight needs to explore a region roughly bounded by the target coordinates. Since a knight moves in an L-shape (2 squares in one direction and 1 square perpendicular), the maximum distance from the origin is approximately max(|x|, |y|). The BFS will explore nodes in concentric "rings" around the origin, and the number of nodes within a distance d from the origin is proportional to d^2. Therefore, the time complexity is O(max(|x|, |y|)^2).

Space Complexity: O(max(|x|, |y|)^2)

The space complexity is dominated by:

1. The vis set which stores all visited positions to avoid revisiting them
2. The queue q which at most contains all nodes at a particular distance level

In the worst case, both data structures can contain O(max(|x|, |y|)^2) positions, as the algorithm may need to explore all reachable positions within the bounded region before finding the target. The visited set grows continuously as we explore new positions, potentially storing all positions within the search area.

Learn more about how to find time and space complexity quickly.

Common Pitfalls

1. Memory Limit Exceeded for Large Targets

The naive BFS approach can consume excessive memory when the target coordinates are large (e.g., x=300, y=300). The visited set grows exponentially as we explore outward, potentially storing millions of positions.

Solution: Exploit symmetry and limit the search space:

• Due to the board's symmetry, we can work with absolute values: x = abs(x), y = abs(y)
• Restrict exploration to a bounded region around the origin and target
• Positions beyond [-2, target_x + 2] × [-2, target_y + 2] are unlikely to be part of the shortest path

2. Time Limit Exceeded for Distant Targets

Standard BFS explores positions radially outward, visiting many irrelevant positions when the target is far from the origin.

Solution: Implement Bidirectional BFS:

def minKnightMovesBidirectional(self, x: int, y: int) -> int:
    x, y = abs(x), abs(y)  # Use symmetry

    if (x, y) == (0, 0):
        return 0

    # Two queues for bidirectional search
    forward = {(0, 0): 0}
    backward = {(x, y): 0}

    knight_moves = [(2,1), (1,2), (-1,2), (-2,1),
                    (-2,-1), (-1,-2), (1,-2), (2,-1)]

    while forward and backward:
        # Always expand the smaller frontier
        if len(forward) <= len(backward):
            current = forward
            opposite = backward
        else:
            current = backward
            opposite = forward

        next_level = {}
        for (cx, cy), dist in current.items():
            for dx, dy in knight_moves:
                nx, ny = cx + dx, cy + dy
                if (nx, ny) in opposite:
                    return dist + 1 + opposite[(nx, ny)]
                if -2 <= nx <= x + 2 and -2 <= ny <= y + 2:
                    if (nx, ny) not in current:
                        next_level[(nx, ny)] = dist + 1

        if current is forward:
            forward = next_level
        else:
            backward = next_level

    return -1

3. Not Handling Edge Cases Properly

Forgetting to handle special cases like when the target is already at the origin (0, 0).

Solution: Add explicit checks at the beginning:

if x == 0 and y == 0:
    return 0

4. Inefficient Position Representation

Using tuples in the visited set can be slower for very large searches due to tuple creation overhead.

Solution: For extremely performance-critical scenarios, consider using a more efficient representation:

# Use a single integer to represent positions
def encode(x, y):
    # Offset to handle negative coordinates
    offset = 1000
    return (x + offset) * 10000 + (y + offset)

visited = set()
visited.add(encode(0, 0))