Problem Description

You have an array nums with positive integers and the challenge is to find out how many ways you can partition this array into contiguous subarrays so that no subarray contains the same number more than once. If you imagine a case with repeated numbers, you'd want to keep repeats in the same subarray to avoid violating the condition. The total number of ways of partitioning the array should be given modulo 10^9 + 7 to keep the number manageable size-wise, as it can get very large.

Intuition

The main idea is to group the same numbers together in a subarray because of the requirement that no subarray should contain duplicate numbers. So, we start by recording the last occurrence of each number using a hash table. With this information, we can determine the potential ends of each subarray.

We iterate through the nums array, updating where the current group could end (this is the furthest last occurrence of any number encountered so far in the array). If the current index aligns with the furthest last occurrence, it means we've reached the end of a potential subarray partition.

Each partition gives us two choices moving forward - either continue with another subarray or group the next number into the current subarray. Except for the first number, every other number has this choice, naturally leading to a calculation of 2^(number of subarrays - 1) to find all the different ways we can partition the array into subarrays that meet the requirements. Since the result can be very large, we use modular exponentiation to give the answer modulo 10^9 + 7. This technique is efficient and proficient for dealing with large powers in a modular space.

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Solution Approach

In the given solution, we utilize a hash map called last to keep track of the last index where each number appears in the array nums. This directly relates to the problem statement where we need to ensure that each subarray has unique elements. By knowing the last occurrence, we can determine the maximum bounds of where a unique element's subarray could end.

To implement this approach, we proceed as follows:

• Initialize the last hash map by iterating over the array nums and setting last[x] to i (the current index) for each element x. This way, after the iteration, each key in last directly maps to the last position of that key in nums.

• The variables j and k are used, where j keeps track of the end of the current subarray (initially -1) and k keeps count of the total number of subarrays that can be created (initially 0).

• As we iterate through nums, for each number x at index i, we update the current subarray end j to the maximum of j and the last occurrence of x from the last hash map. If i equals j at any point during the iteration, it signifies that the current position can be the end of a subarray, at which point we increment k by 1.

• After completing the iteration over the array, we calculate the total number of good partitions. Each subarray provides a choice to either split or not split at its end (except for the first element of 'nums' which provides no such choice). Hence, for k subarrays, there are k - 1 split choices, leading to a total of 2^(k - 1) ways to partition the array.

• The answer is potentially very large, so we use the modulo operation with 10^9 + 7 to keep the numbers in a reasonable range. In Python, the power function pow is used with three arguments pow(2, k - 1, mod), which efficiently computes 2^(k - 1) modulo mod using fast exponentiation.

This algorithm uses constant space for variables and O(n) space for the hash table, where n is the length of nums. The time complexity is O(n) because we pass through the array only twice: once for creating the hash table and again for determining the partition points and counting subarrays.

Example Walkthrough

Let's say our array nums is [4, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3].

Following the solution approach outlined in the content provided:

1. Initialize the last hash map:

   We iterate over nums and update the last hash map:

   last[4] = 4 (index of the last 4)
   last[3] = 5 (index of the last 3)
   last[2] = 2 (index of the last 2)
   last[1] = 3 (index of the last 1)

2. Set up variables for tracking subarray ends and count:

   We have variable j initialized to -1 and k initialized to 0.

3. Iterate through nums to determine subarray ends:

   As we pass through nums, we will update j and k accordingly:

   • i = 0 (value 4): Set j = max(j, last[4]) → j = 4. (No end of subarray reached)
   • i = 1 (value 3): Set j = max(j, last[3]) → j = 5. (No end of subarray reached)
   • i = 2 (value 2): Keep j = 5. (No end of subarray reached)
   • i = 3 (value 1): Keep j = 5. (No end of subarray reached)
   • i = 4 (value 4): We are at the last occurrence of '4', and i matches j. We've reached the end of a subarray therefore increment k (now k = 1).
   • i = 5 (value 3): Again, i matches j, marking the end of another subarray so increment k to 2.

4. Count the number of ways to partition nums:

   Since we have two subarrays, there are k - 1 = 1 decision point on whether or not to split them. There are (2^{k-1} = 2^1 = 2) ways to partition our nums array.

5. Apply modulo operation:

   We calculate the total number of partition ways modulo (10^9 + 7): result = pow(2, k - 1, 10^9 + 7) → result = 2.

Thus, there are two ways to partition the array [4, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3] into contiguous subarrays where no subarray contains the same number more than once.

Solution Implementation

Time and Space Complexity

Time Complexity

The time complexity of the code is O(n) since it iterates through all n elements of the input list nums just once. The loop builds a dictionary last that records the last occurrence of each element, and then it iterates over nums once more, updating j and k. Since both operations within the loop are constant time operations, the total time complexity remains linear with respect to the length of nums.

Space Complexity

The space complexity is also O(n) due to the storage requirements of the dictionary last, which, in the worst-case scenario, stores an entry for each unique element in nums. Since nums has n elements and all could be unique, the space required for last can grow linearly with n. No other data structures in the algorithm scale with the size of the input.

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