1900. The Earliest and Latest Rounds Where Players Compete
Problem Description
In this tournament, n players are lined up in a single row, and they are numbered from 1 to n. The players compete in rounds where the ith player from the front of the row competes with the ith player from the end of the row. The winner goes on to the next round. If there's an odd number of players in a round, the middle player automatically advances without competing.
The objective of the problem is to determine, given two specific players (firstPlayer and secondPlayer), the earliest and latest round in which these two players could potentially compete against each other. It is important to note that firstPlayer and secondPlayer are the strongest and will win against any other player. When other players compete, the outcome of who wins can be decided by us in order to find out the earliest and latest round these two specific players could compete.
Intuition
The intuition behind finding the earliest and latest rounds firstPlayer and secondPlayer can compete is to simulate the tournament while making decisions that would either hasten or delay their match.
Since we can control the outcome of matches between other players, we use this to our advantage to find extremes. For the earliest, we try to eliminate players in such a way that our firstPlayer and secondPlayer meet as soon as possible. For the latest, we do the opposite, we pick winners such that firstPlayer and secondPlayer can avoid meeting until it's inevitable.
The simulation uses dynamic programming (DP) to keep track of the earliest and latest rounds given different conditions. The DP state is defined by the position of firstPlayer from the front, the position of secondPlayer from the end, and the total number of players k in the current round. Therefore, dp(l, r, k) keeps track of the earliest and latest rounds they can meet given those conditions.
The solution uses recursion with memoization (functools.lru_cache) to ensure that overlapping subproblems are calculated only once, hence optimizing the overall run time of our DP approach.
The base cases are clear: if l == r, it means the firstPlayer and secondPlayer are facing each other, and the round numbers for both earliest and latest would be 1. Alternatively, if l > r, we swap the values to keep positions consistent with our definition.
The recursive step involves iterating through all possible positions the players could end up in after the round (i and j) and keeping track of the minimum and maximum rounds for all these scenarios. We also constrain our iterations based on the number of players left (k).
In the end, dp(firstPlayer, n - secondPlayer + 1, n) gives us the earliest and latest rounds firstPlayer and secondPlayer can meet.
Learn more about Memoization and Dynamic Programming patterns.
What data structure does Breadth-first search typically uses to store intermediate states?
Solution Approach
The solution is implemented in Python using a recursive function with memoization. The algorithm utilizes dynamic programming (DP) to store the outcome of previously computed scenarios, thus avoiding redundant calculations. Here is how each part of the solution contributes to the overall approach:
-
Dynamic Programming (DP): The function
dp(l: int, r: int, k: int) -> List[int]represents the DP state, wherelis the position offirstPlayerfrom the front,ris the position ofsecondPlayerfrom the back, andkis the total number of players left. The function returns the earliest and latest rounds in whichfirstPlayerandsecondPlayercan compete. -
Memoization: Implemented using the
functools.lru_cachedecorator, which caches the results of each unique call todpbased on the parameter values to eliminate redundant calculations. -
Recursive Cases: These are handled through the nested
forloops whereiandjloop through possible positions offirstPlayerandsecondPlayerafter each round. The if-statement ensures that only feasible matchups are considered. The recursive calldp(i, j, (k + 1) // 2)computes the result for the next round considering the current scenario. -
Constraints on Positions: The check
not l + r - k // 2 <= i + j <= (k + 1) // 2enforces that players cannot jump over the middle. It ensures that the possible positions of the players adhere to the rules of the tournament. -
Updating Earliest and Latest Rounds: Temporary variables
aandbhold the minimum and maximum round numbers respectively, during iteration. With each valid scenario, we update them to reflect the earliest and latest possible competition rounds forfirstPlayerandsecondPlayer. -
Base Cases: When
l == r, it indicates a direct match betweenfirstPlayerandsecondPlayer, and both earliest and latest rounds are1. Whenl > r, the positions are swapped for consistency. -
Returning the Result: The initial call to the DP function
dp(firstPlayer, n - secondPlayer + 1, n)provides the final answer, which takes into account the total number of playersnand the positions offirstPlayerandsecondPlayer.
The combination of these approaches yields an optimized algorithm that computes the desired range of rounds efficiently through recursive exploration of the tournament bracket while maintaining the logical constraints of the problem.
What's the output of running the following function using the following tree as input?
1def serialize(root):
2 res = []
3 def dfs(root):
4 if not root:
5 res.append('x')
6 return
7 res.append(root.val)
8 dfs(root.left)
9 dfs(root.right)
10 dfs(root)
11 return ' '.join(res)
121import java.util.StringJoiner;
2
3public static String serialize(Node root) {
4 StringJoiner res = new StringJoiner(" ");
5 serializeDFS(root, res);
6 return res.toString();
7}
8
9private static void serializeDFS(Node root, StringJoiner result) {
10 if (root == null) {
11 result.add("x");
12 return;
13 }
14 result.add(Integer.toString(root.val));
15 serializeDFS(root.left, result);
16 serializeDFS(root.right, result);
17}
181function serialize(root) {
2 let res = [];
3 serialize_dfs(root, res);
4 return res.join(" ");
5}
6
7function serialize_dfs(root, res) {
8 if (!root) {
9 res.push("x");
10 return;
11 }
12 res.push(root.val);
13 serialize_dfs(root.left, res);
14 serialize_dfs(root.right, res);
15}
16Example Walkthrough
Let's walk through a small example. Suppose there are n = 4 players: 1, 2, 3, 4. We want to find out the earliest and latest rounds in which player 1 (firstPlayer) and player 4 (secondPlayer) could meet, assuming the strongest players always win against any other player.
Initially, the players are lined up as 1, 2, 3, 4.
Round 1
- Matches: (1 vs. 4) and (2 vs. 3).
- Possible Outcomes:
- First match: Player 1 wins (since player 1 is
firstPlayer), player 4 wins (since player 4 issecondPlayer). - Second match: We can decide the outcome since these are not the players we are tracking. Let's assume player 2 wins for the earliest possible match and player 3 wins for the latest possible match.
- First match: Player 1 wins (since player 1 is
By selecting player 2 in the first scenario, we are setting up direct competition between 1 and 2 in the next round, whereas selecting player 3 will delay the match between player 1 and 4.
Earliest Scenario
- Remaining players for the next round: 1, 2.
- Competition: (1 vs. 2).
- Since player 1 (
firstPlayer) is the strongest, they win and this would be the earliest round (Round 2) that player 1 could potentially face player 4.
Latest Scenario
- Remaining players for next round: 1, 3.
- Competition: Since there's an odd number of players, player 1 advances without competing.
- In the following round, the remaining players would be 1 and 4, and they would compete then.
- This would be the latest round (Round 3) that player 1 could potentially face player 4.
Application of the Solution Approach
In this example, we applied the solution approach as follows:
-
We invoked the
dpfunction to calculate the earliest and latest rounds for players1(firstPlayer) and3(secondPlayer), adjusted for the number of players counting from the back, which results indp(1, 4 - 4 + 1, 4). -
The DP and memoization help us avoid recalculating the same scenario twice.
-
The base cases ensure that if
firstPlayer(l) andsecondPlayer(r) meet (l == r), we return1for both earliest and latest rounds. -
The recursive calls and updates to
aandbare used to determine the rounds while adhering to the rules of the tournament. -
Eventually, we found that the earliest round they could meet was Round 2 and the latest was Round 3.
This walkthrough illustrates how dynamic programming with memoization, coupled with logical rules of the tournament, can be used to find the earliest and latest possible rounds for any two given players to compete.
Solution Implementation
1from typing import List
2import functools
3import math
4
5class Solution:
6 def earliestAndLatest(self, n: int, firstPlayer: int, secondPlayer: int) -> List[int]:
7 # Define the memoization (dynamic programming) function with caching
8 @functools.lru_cache(None)
9 def dp(left_index: int, right_index: int, num_players: int) -> List[int]:
10 # left_index is the position of the first player from the start (front),
11 # right_index is the position of the second player from the end,
12 # num_players is the total number of players in the current round.
13
14 # Base case: if both players are about to meet
15 if left_index == right_index:
16 return [1, 1]
17
18 # Ensure that left_index is always before right_index
19 if left_index > right_index:
20 return dp(right_index, left_index, num_players)
21
22 # Initialize earliest and latest rounds as infinity
23 # and negative infinity, respectively
24 earliest_round = math.inf
25 latest_round = -math.inf
26
27 # Enumerate all possible new positions for players after matching
28 for i in range(1, left_index + 1):
29 for j in range(left_index - i + 1, right_index - i + 1):
30 # Ignore invalid matchings
31 if not left_index + right_index - num_players // 2 <= i + j <= (num_players + 1) // 2:
32 continue
33 # Recurse to find the new earliest and latest rounds
34 new_earliest, new_latest = dp(i, j, (num_players + 1) // 2)
35 earliest_round = min(earliest_round, new_earliest + 1)
36 latest_round = max(latest_round, new_latest + 1)
37
38 return [earliest_round, latest_round]
39
40 # Adjust indices based on player positions and invoke dp
41 return dp(firstPlayer, n - secondPlayer + 1, n)
421import java.util.*;
2
3public class Solution {
4 private Map<String, int[]> memo = new HashMap<String, int[]>();
5
6 public int[] earliestAndLatest(int n, int firstPlayer, int secondPlayer) {
7 return dp(firstPlayer, n - secondPlayer + 1, n);
8 }
9
10 private int[] dp(int leftIndex, int rightIndex, int numPlayers) {
11 // Ensure that leftIndex is always before rightIndex for consistency
12 if (leftIndex > rightIndex) {
13 return dp(rightIndex, leftIndex, numPlayers);
14 }
15
16 // Convert the state to a string to use as a key for memorization
17 String key = leftIndex + "," + rightIndex + "," + numPlayers;
18 if (memo.containsKey(key)) {
19 return memo.get(key);
20 }
21
22 // If both players are about to meet, this is the end case
23 if (leftIndex == rightIndex) {
24 return new int[]{1, 1};
25 }
26
27 // Initialize earliest and latest rounds
28 int earliestRound = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
29 int latestRound = -1;
30
31 // Iterate over all possible new positions for players after matching
32 for (int i = 1; i <= leftIndex; ++i) {
33 for (int j = leftIndex - i + 1; j <= rightIndex - i + 1; ++j) {
34 // Skip invalid matchings
35 if (!(leftIndex + rightIndex - numPlayers / 2 <= i + j && i + j <= (numPlayers + 1) / 2)) {
36 continue;
37 }
38 // Recursive call to find the new earliest and latest rounds
39 int[] rounds = dp(i, j, (numPlayers + 1) / 2);
40 earliestRound = Math.min(earliestRound, rounds[0] + 1);
41 latestRound = Math.max(latestRound, rounds[1] + 1);
42 }
43 }
44
45 // Memorize the calculated rounds
46 memo.put(key, new int[]{earliestRound, latestRound});
47
48 return memo.get(key);
49 }
50}
511#include<vector>
2#include<functional>
3#include<climits>
4
5class Solution {
6public:
7 std::vector<int> earliestAndLatest(int n, int firstPlayer, int secondPlayer) {
8 // Use a lambda function to replace the functools.lru_cache in Python.
9 // The lambda function will serve as the memoization function with caching.
10 std::function<std::vector<int>(int, int, int)> dp;
11 dp = [&](int leftIndex, int rightIndex, int numPlayers) -> std::vector<int> {
12 // If both players are about to meet, return [1, 1] because both earliest and latest are at this round.
13 if (leftIndex == rightIndex) {
14 return {1, 1};
15 }
16
17 // Ensure that leftIndex is always before rightIndex.
18 if (leftIndex > rightIndex) {
19 return dp(rightIndex, leftIndex, numPlayers);
20 }
21
22 // Initialize earliest and latest rounds.
23 int earliestRound = INT_MAX;
24 int latestRound = INT_MIN;
25
26 // Enumerate all possible new positions for players after matching.
27 for (int i = 1; i <= leftIndex; ++i) {
28 for (int j = leftIndex - i + 1; j <= rightIndex - i + 1; ++j) {
29 // Ignore invalid matchings.
30 if (!(leftIndex + rightIndex - numPlayers / 2 <= i + j && i + j <= (numPlayers + 1) / 2)) {
31 continue;
32 }
33 // Recurse to find the new earliest and latest rounds.
34 std::vector<int> result = dp(i, j, (numPlayers + 1) / 2);
35 int newEarliest = result[0];
36 int newLatest = result[1];
37 earliestRound = std::min(earliestRound, newEarliest + 1);
38 latestRound = std::max(latestRound, newLatest + 1);
39 }
40 }
41
42 return {earliestRound, latestRound};
43 };
44
45 // Adjust indices based on player positions (firstPlayer stays the same, secondPlayer is adjusted from the end)
46 // and invoke the dp (dynamic programming) function with caching.
47 return dp(firstPlayer, n - secondPlayer + 1, n);
48 }
49};
501type RoundResults = [number, number]; // Tuple type for holding the earliest and latest rounds.
2
3// Decorator-like function to simulate memoization in TypeScript (Python's functools.lru_cache equivalent).
4function memoize(fn: (...args: any[]) => RoundResults): (...args: any[]) => RoundResults {
5 const cache: Map<string, RoundResults> = new Map();
6 return function(...args: any[]): RoundResults {
7 const key = JSON.stringify(args); // Serialize arguments array to use as a cache key.
8 if (cache.has(key)) return cache.get(key)!;
9 const result = fn(...args);
10 cache.set(key, result);
11 return result;
12 };
13}
14
15// Global recursive function for dynamic programming with memoization.
16const dp: (...args: any[]) => RoundResults = memoize(function (leftIndex: number, rightIndex: number, numPlayers: number): RoundResults {
17 // Base case: if both players are about to meet or have already met.
18 if (leftIndex >= rightIndex) return [1, 1];
19
20 let earliestRound: number = Infinity;
21 let latestRound: number = -Infinity;
22
23 // Iterate over all possible new positions for players after matching.
24 for (let i = 1; i <= leftIndex; i++) {
25 for (let j = leftIndex - i + 1; j <= rightIndex - i; j++) {
26 // Calculate the sum of the new positions.
27 let sum = i + j;
28
29 // Ignore invalid matchings based on the constraints.
30 if (!(leftIndex + rightIndex - Math.floor(numPlayers / 2) <= sum && sum <= Math.floor((numPlayers + 1) / 2))) continue;
31
32 let [newEarliest, newLatest] = dp(i, j, Math.floor((numPlayers + 1) / 2));
33 earliestRound = Math.min(earliestRound, newEarliest + 1);
34 latestRound = Math.max(latestRound, newLatest + 1);
35 }
36 }
37
38 return [earliestRound, latestRound];
39});
40
41// Global function to find the earliest and latest rounds where two players could meet.
42function earliestAndLatest(n: number, firstPlayer: number, secondPlayer: number): RoundResults {
43 // Adjust indices based on player positions and invoke the memoized dynamic programming function.
44 return dp(firstPlayer, n - secondPlayer + 1, n);
45}
46What are the most two important steps in writing a depth first search function? (Select 2)
Time and Space Complexity
The given code is a dynamic programming solution that calculates the possible rounds in which two players would meet in a tournament bracket. The state of the dynamic programming dp[i][j][k] maintains the earliest and latest rounds where the i-th player from the front can meet the j-th player from the back out of k total players.
Time Complexity
To analyze the time complexity, we should consider three parameters l, r, and k corresponding to the first player's position, the second player's position from the end, and the total number of players, respectively.
The maximum range of l and r is n since n is the total number of players. The range of k is also O(n) because, in the worst case, k takes on half the previous value, leading to a logarithmic number of states in terms of k.
The nested loops in the code iterate and process each combination of l and r within their bounds, so in the worst case the innermost statements will run O(l * r) times for a particular value of k.
Considering the recursive nature, dp(i, j, (k + 1) // 2) will be invoked multiple times, but memoization using functools.lru_cache(None) ensures that each state is computed only once.
Therefore, the overall time complexity is O(n^3 log n), since the range of k contributes a logarithmic factor due to the halving in each recursive step, and l and r contribute a factor of n^2 due to the nested loops.
Space Complexity
The space complexity is determined by the number of items that can be stored in the cache (memoization) and the recursion stack depth.
The cache size corresponds to the number of distinct states that the dynamic programming algorithm must keep track of, which involves the ranges of l, r, and k. As concluded before, l and r have a maximum range of n, and k can take on O(log n) different values.
Hence, the space complexity of the cache is O(n^2 log n).
The recursion stack depth will be proportional to the number of recursive calls we can have in the worst case, which is O(log n) since in each recursive call k is approximately halved until it reaches the base case.
In conclusion, the overall space complexity of the solution is O(n^2 log n) when considering the cache size as the dominant factor.
Learn more about how to find time and space complexity quickly using problem constraints.
What are the two properties the problem needs to have for dynamic programming to be applicable? (Select 2)
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