Shortest Path in Binary Matrix

Given an n x n binary matrix grid, return the length of the shortest clear path in the matrix. If there is no clear path, return -1.

A clear path in a binary matrix is a path from the top-left cell (i.e., (0, 0)) to the bottom-right cell (i.e., (n - 1, n - 1)) such that:

• All the visited cells of the path are 0.
• All the adjacent cells of the path are 8-directionally connected (i.e., they are different and they share an edge or a corner).

The length of a clear path is the number of visited cells of this path.

Example 1:

Input: grid = [[0,1],[1,0]]
Output: 2

Example 2:

Input: grid = [[0,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,1,0]]
Output: 4

Example 3:
Input: grid = [[1,0,0],[1,1,0],[1,1,0]]
Output: -1

Constraints:

• n == grid.length
• n == grid[i].length
• 1 <= n <= 100
• grid[i][j] is 0 or 1

To find the shortest clear path from (0,0) to (n-1, n-1), we will perform breadth first search from (0,0). First, we need to make sure that grid[0][0] is 0, otherwise a clear path does not exist. Each cell has (at most) 8 neighbours, and we can use the get_neighbours function to find the neighbours. Then, we will only continue on cells labeled 0, the number of levels of the BFS traversal is the length of the shortest clear path.

Implementation

1def shortestPathBinaryMatrix(self, grid: List[List[int]]) -> int:
2    if grid[0][0] == 1: return -1
3    
4    n = len(grid)
5    dirs = [(-1, -1), (-1, 0), (-1, 1), (0, -1), (0, 1), (1, -1), (1, 0), (1, 1)]
6    def get_neighbours(x, y):
7        neighbours = []
8        for dx, dy in dirs:
9            if 0 <= x+dx < n and 0 <= y+dy < n:
10                neighbours.append((x+dx, y+dy))
11        return neighbours
12    
13    length = 1
14    q = deque()
15    q.append((0,0))
16    unvisited = [[True for _ in range(n)] for _ in range(n)]
17    unvisited[0][0] = False
18    while q:
19        count = len(q)
20        for _ in range(count):
21            x, y = q.popleft()
22            if x == n -1 and y == n-1:
23                return length
24            for nx, ny in get_neighbours(x, y):
25                if grid[nx][ny] == 0 and unvisited[nx][ny]:
26                    q.append((nx, ny))
27                    unvisited[nx][ny] = False
28        length += 1
29    return -1