833. Find And Replace in String

Problem Description

In this problem, you are given a string s and tasked with performing a series of replacement operations on it. These operations are specified by three parallel arrays indices, sources, and targets, each of length k, representing the k operations.

For each operation i:

1. You have to check if the substring sources[i] is found in the string s exactly at the position indices[i].
2. If the substring sources[i] does not exist at the specified index, you do nothing for that particular operation.
3. If the substring is found, you replace it with the string targets[i].

All the replacements are to be done simultaneously, which means:

• They don't affect each other's indexing (you should consider the original indices while replacing).
• There will be no overlap among the replacements (no two substrings sources[i] and sources[j] will replace parts of s that overlap).

A substring is defined as a sequence of characters that are contiguous in a string.

Intuition

The key insight for solving this problem is understanding that all replacements happen independently and simultaneously, based on the original string s. This calls for a mapping from each indices[i] to its corresponding replacement (if valid), without disturbing the original indexing as subsequent replacements are planned according to the original positions.

We approach the solution by creating a mapping, in this case using an array d with the same length as the string s, and initialize it with a default value indicating an index with no operation. This array d is filled with the operation index k at position indices[i] only if the substring sources[i] is verified to be at the original position indices[i] in s.

While constructing the result:

1. We iterate through the original string s.
2. At each index i, we check the mapping array d.
3. If there is no replacement to be done (indicated by a default value), we simply add the current character s[i] to the result.
4. If a replacement is needed, we append the corresponding target string targets[d[i]] instead and increment i by the length of the source substring, effectively skipping over the entire substring that has been replaced.
5. We do this until we have processed the entire string.

By following this strategy, we can ensure that all replacements are based on the original indices, thereby meeting the constraint that the replacements do not alter each other's indexing, finally returning the correct modified string.

Learn more about Sorting patterns.

Solution Approach

The implementation of the solution follows a fairly straightforward process that can be broken down into the following steps:

1. Initialize an array d with the same length as the string s which contains default values (-1 in this case). This array serves as a direct mapping to check if there's a valid replacement operation for each index in the string s.

2. Iterate over pairs of indices and sources using the enumerate function to keep track of the operation index k.

3. For each pair (i, src), use s.startswith(src, i) to check if the substring src exists starting exactly at index i in the string s. If it does exist, set d[i] to k indicating that a replacement operation is mapped to this index.

4. Create an empty list ans to store the characters (and substrings) that will make up the resulting string after all operations have been performed.

5. Iterate over the string s with index i. If i is marked in d as a valid replacement index (d[i] != -1), append the corresponding targets[d[i]] to ans. Then increment i by the length of sources[d[i]] since you've just processed the entire substring that's been replaced.

6. If i is marked as having no operation (d[i] == -1), simply add s[i] to ans and increment i by 1 to continue processing the string.

7. Once the iteration is complete, combine the contents of ans using "".join(ans) to get the final string which reflects the result after applying all the replacement operations.

The data structure used in this approach is primarily an array (d) for mapping operations. The algorithm leverages the fact that operations are independent and simultaneous, which simplifies to updating indices directly without considering the impact of previous replacements—a classic case of 'direct addressing' where each index corresponds to a particular bit of information (here, the presence and index of a replacement operation).

The Python startswith method is used for string comparison to verify occurrences of substrings which is crucial for determining valid operations. The use of this method avoids writing additional code to manually compare substring characters.

The iteration over the string is done in a single pass, and the list ans builds up the result in a dynamic fashion, making the solution efficient in terms of both time and space complexity.

Overall, this approach capitalizes on the simultaneous nature of the operations and utilizes efficient string methods and direct mapping techniques provided by the language to achieve the desired outcome.

Example Walkthrough

Let's use a small example to illustrate the solution approach.

Suppose we have the string s which is "abcd" and we want to perform the following operations:

• indices: [0, 2]
• sources: ["a", "cd"]
• targets: ["z", "x"]

This corresponds to two operations:

1. Replace the substring "a" at index 0 with "z".
2. Replace the substring "cd" at index 2 with "x".

Step 1: Initialize the array d of the same length as s (4 in this example) with default values -1.

d: [-1, -1, -1, -1]

Step 2: Iterate over pairs of indices and sources (enumerate is not needed here since we're only doing a 1-to-1 mapping).

Checking Operation 1:

• We check if s.startswith("a", 0), which is True.
• Thus, we set d[0] to the operation index 0 (since 0 is the first index in indices).

d: [0, -1, -1, -1]

Checking Operation 2:

• We check if s.startswith("cd", 2), which is True.
• Thus, we set d[2] to the operation index 1 (since 1 is the second index in indices).

d: [0, -1, 1, -1]

Step 3: Create an empty list ans.

ans: []

Step 4: Iterate over the string s with index i.

• i = 0: Since d[0] is 0, we append targets[0] ("z") to ans and skip to the index after the replaced substring (since "a" has length 1, we increment i by 1).

ans: ["z"]

• i = 1: Since d[1] is -1, there's no operation. We add s[1] ("b") to ans and increment i by 1.

ans: ["z", "b"]

• i = 2: Since d[2] is 1, we append targets[1] ("x") to ans and skip to the index after the replaced substring (since "cd" has length 2, we increment i by 2.

ans: ["z", "b", "x"]

• Since we've reached the end of string s, the iteration stops.

Step 5: Combine the list ans into the final string.

Result: "zbx"

And that's the final string after performing all the replacement operations. The algorithm efficiently applies replacements based on the original string, resulting in the desired output.

Solution Implementation

Time and Space Complexity

The given Python code snippet is designed to replace parts of a string s with alternate strings provided in the targets list. The replacements are conditional on the substrings in s starting at indices found in indices matching the corresponding strings in sources. Here is the computational complexity analysis of the code:

Time Complexity

The time complexity of the function is determined by several operations:

1. Iterating Over indices and sources: There is an initial loop that iterates through the zipped indices and sources. This takes O(m) time, where m is the number of elements in indices (and also sources and targets).

2. String Matching with startswith: Inside the loop, there is a call to the startswith function. This has a worst-case time complexity of O(len(src)) for each invocation, which can be up to O(n) in the worst case (where n is the length of the string s). Therefore, in the worst case, this part of the loop could have a time complexity of O(m * n).

3. Building the Result String: After the initial loop, the function iterates through string s and constructs the answer. In the worst case, each character could potentially be copied individually (when there are no matches), resulting in a time complexity of O(n).

4. Appending to the ans List and Join Operation: The append operation is O(1) for each character or replacement string, but the join operation at the end is O(n) since it iterates over the entire list of characters and concatenates them into a new string.

Considering these parts together, the total time complexity is the sum of the complexities of these steps, which is O(m * n) + O(n) + O(n). O(m * n) is likely the dominating term here, so the overall time complexity can be considered O(m * n).

Space Complexity

The space complexity of the function is determined by the additional memory space used, apart from the input. The main extra storage used is:

1. Array d: The array d has the same length as the input string s, i.e., O(n).

2. List ans: The list ans is used to construct the resulting string. In the worst case, it could hold n characters plus the length of all targets strings if every source is found and replaced. Assuming the sum of the lengths of all targets is t, the space used by ans could be up to O(n + t).

Therefore, the overall space complexity is the largest of the space used by d and ans, leading to a total complexity of O(n + t) since t can be larger than n.

Learn more about how to find time and space complexity quickly using problem constraints.