Problem Description

In this problem, you have two integer arrays nums1 and nums2, each of the same length n. You need to calculate the XOR sum of these arrays which is obtained by taking the XOR of each corresponding pair of elements from the two arrays and then summing those results up. The XOR operation is a bitwise operation where the result is 1 if the two bits are different and 0 if they are the same.

The XOR sum is computed as follows:

(nums1[0] XOR nums2[0]) + (nums1[1] XOR nums2[1]) + ... + (nums1[n - 1] XOR nums2[n - 1])

The challenge is to rearrange the elements in nums2 in such a way that the resulting XOR sum is as small as possible. In other words, you want to find an optimal permutation of nums2 that when paired with the elements of nums1, yields the minimum possible XOR sum.

For example, if nums1 is [1,2,3] and nums2 is [3,2,1], the XOR sum of these arrays before any rearrangement is (1 XOR 3) + (2 XOR 2) + (3 XOR 1) = 2 + 0 + 2 = 4. By rearranging nums2 properly, you might get a smaller XOR sum.

Your task is to determine this minimum XOR sum after rearranging nums2, and to return it.

Intuition

The solution to this problem is using a dynamic programming approach that involves trying out different combinations of pairings between elements in nums1 and nums2. Specifically, we use a bitmask to represent the elements from nums2 that have been paired up with elements in nums1. The bitmask is a binary number where each bit corresponds to an element in nums2. If a bit is set (i.e., it is 1), it means the corresponding element in nums2 has been used in a pairing.

We start with an array f to keep track of the minimum XOR sum that can be achieved with each possible bitmask. Initially, f[0] (representing no elements paired) is set to 0 and all other entries are set to infinity because we haven't computed them yet.

Then, we iterate over all possible bitmasks. For each bitmask, we figure out how many bits are set; this tells us the position (k) in nums1 that we are considering pairing up. Now, for each bit that is set in the current bitmask, we try unsetting it (which means we're considering that the j-th element in nums2 could be paired with the k-th element in nums1) and calculate the XOR of nums1[k] and nums2[j], and add it to the minimum XOR sum stored in f for the bitmask without the j-th bit set.

This is done for each set bit in the bitmask to find the minimum XOR sum possible for that bitmask and store it back in f. Finally, f[-1] (which corresponds to all elements in nums2 being paired up) will contain the minimum XOR sum we can achieve, and that's the value we return as the solution.

Learn more about Dynamic Programming and Bitmask patterns.

Solution Approach

The solution approach for minimizing the XOR sum of two integer arrays is a dynamic programming approach that utilizes bit masking to explore the state space of possible pairings. The algorithm uses the following concepts:

• Dynamic Programming (DP): The idea is to break the problem into overlap subproblems and use DP to remember results of already solved subproblems, such that each subproblem is solved only once. This significantly reduces the computation time as compared to a naive approach that might solve the same subproblems repeatedly.

• Bitmasking: This technique is used to represent the pairing state of elements from the second array nums2. A bitmask is an array that uses each individual bit to represent a binary state (on/off, used/not used). In this case, we are using it to keep track of which elements in nums2 have already been paired up with elements in nums1.

Now, let's go through the code:

For every masked state (ranging from 1 to 2^n - 1, where n is the size of the arrays), the bit count is retrieved. Here i.bit_count() - 1 calculates the number of set bits in the bitmask and decrements it by one to get the correct index in nums1 since we are zero-indexed.

Next, the algorithm iterates over all possible indices j in the range of 0 to n-1 to find the index where the bit is set in the current mask (checked by i >> j & 1) which means that the j-th element of nums2 is considered for pairing up with the k-th element of nums1.

Then, the XOR of nums1[k] and nums2[j] is computed and added to the previously computed value of f[i ^ (1 << j)] (which represents the minimum XOR sum for the state where j-th bit is not included in the mask). The algorithm selects the minimum of these sums and updates the DP table at f[i].

The DP table f is a one-dimensional array with 2^n elements (since this is the number of possible states for n bits), initialized with infinity (inf) to represent that those XOR sums have not been computed yet, except for the base case f[0] which is set to 0 because no elements are paired and thus the XOR sum is 0.

Finally, after the algorithm iterates through all subproblems, f[-1] will hold the minimum XOR sum which is returned as the solution. Note that f[-1] is Python's way of accessing the last element of the list, which corresponds to the mask where all bits are set and all elements in nums2 have been paired with elements in nums1.

Here is a simplified outline of the algorithm applied in the code:

1. Initialize the DP table f with inf and set f[0] to 0.
2. Iterate over all possible bit masks from 1 to 2^n - 1.
3. Calculate the current position k in nums1 based on the bitmask using bit count.
4. For each set bit j in the current bitmask, calculate the new XOR sum and update f[i] with the minimum value obtained.
5. Return f[-1] as the minimum XOR sum after considering all pairings.

This dynamic programming solution ensures that the minimum XOR sum for any possible pairing is calculated efficiently and accurately by considering all possible combinations without redundant computations.

Example Walkthrough

Let's take nums1 = [1, 3] and nums2 = [2, 4] as an example to illustrate the solution approach.

1. Initialization
   First, we initialize our DP table f with values set to infinity and f[0] to 0 because at the start, no elements are paired, so the XOR sum is 0.

   • So f = [0, inf, inf, inf], corresponding to the 2-bit masks from 00 to 11.

2. Iterating Over Bit Masks
   We iterate over all possible bit masks from 1 to 2^n - 1 to calculate the minimum XOR sum for all pairings, where n is the size of the input arrays. Since our arrays have 2 elements, we iterate over masks '01' and '10', representing the different pairings.

   • f[1] will track the results for mask 01 (where the second element of nums2 is used, but not the first).
   • f[2] will track results for mask 10 (where the first element of nums2 is used, but not the second).

3. Updating DP Table f with Subproblem solutions

   • Consider the bit mask 01 (binary for 1):
     The bit count minus one is 0 (1.bit_count() - 1) which means we are looking to pair the first element of nums1 with elements of nums2.

     • Pair nums1[0] with nums2[1] (bit set at position 1 in mask 01)
       XOR sum is 1 XOR 4 = 5. With the base case f[0] = 0, the result is 0 + 5 = 5.
       So we update f[1] to min(inf, 5) which is 5.

   • Consider the bit mask 10 (binary for 2):
     The bit count minus one is 0 (1.bit_count() - 1) which means we're again pairing the first element of nums1.

     • Pair nums1[0] with nums2[0] (bit set at position 0 in mask 10)
       XOR sum is 1 XOR 2 = 3. With the base case f[0] = 0, the result is 0 + 3 = 3.
       So we update f[2] to min(inf, 3) which is 3.

4. Finding the Minimum XOR Sum
   Now, we consider all elements as paired (mask 11 represents all bits set), which in this simplified example means we've already made our optimal pairings. We'd use f[1] and f[2] to calculate the XOR sum for mask 11, but as it's beyond the size of input arrays, we stick to the subproblem results.

   Since we compared all possible combinations, we already have our answer and do not need this step for input arrays of size 2.

5. Returning the Result
   The minimum XOR sum after rearranging nums2 is the minimum of f[1] and f[2]. In this case, it is min(f[1], f[2]) which equates to min(5, 3) = 3.

   So, the answer for nums1 = [1, 3] and nums2 = [2, 4] after rearranging nums2 for the minimum XOR sum is 3.

This walk-through covers the dynamic programming solution approach involving bit masks to optimize the XOR sum between two arrays by finding the best possible rearrangement of elements in nums2.

Solution Implementation

Time and Space Complexity

The code provided is a solution to the Minimum XOR Sum problem using dynamic programming with bit masking to represent different combinations of pairings between elements in nums1 and nums2.

Time Complexity

The time complexity can be analyzed by looking at the two nested loops in which the outer loop iterates over all subsets of nums2 and the inner loop iterates over every individual element in nums2.

• The outer loop runs for 2^n iterations because it loops over all possible subsets of a set with n elements, which are represented as bit masks.
• The inner loop runs for n iterations because it checks each position in the bit mask to see if it is set (which corresponds to nums2[j] being selected).

Since the inner loop operates within the outer loop, the total time complexity is O(n * 2^n).

Space Complexity

The space complexity is primarily determined by the storage of the array f, which has a length of 2^n to represent all possible combinations of matching nums2 elements with elements in nums1.

So, the space complexity is O(2^n) as that is the size of the array f.

Learn more about how to find time and space complexity quickly using problem constraints.