324. Wiggle Sort II

Problem Description

The given problem asks us to take an integer array nums and reorder it so that it alternates between numbers that are less than and greater than their adjacent numbers. In other words, after reordering, each number at an even index (0, 2, 4, ...) should be less than its right neighbor, and every number at an odd index (1, 3, 5, ...) should be greater than its left neighbor. Formally, we need to rearrange nums such that nums[0] < nums[1] > nums[2] < nums[3]... and so on. We're also told that there is always a valid way to reorder the input array to meet these conditions.

Intuition

To arrive at a solution, we need to consider a way to make sure that for each pair of neighboring numbers, the even-indexed number is less than its neighbor, and the odd-indexed number is greater than its neighbor. One approach to achieve this is to sort the array first, which gives us a sequence of numbers in non-decreasing order. Once we have this sorted array, we can construct the result by taking elements from the sorted array and placing them into the nums array at the correct positions to create the alternating sequence (wiggle pattern).

The intuition behind using a sorted array is that, if we take the middle of the sorted array as the pivot, the smaller half will have the "less than" elements, and the larger half will have the "greater than" elements. By alternating placing elements from these two halves into the nums array, we enforce the wiggle property.

Here's the approach step by step:

1. Create a copy of the nums array and sort it.
2. Find the indices i and j which point to the middle element of the smaller half (if the length is odd, it's exactly the middle; if it's even, it's the last element of the "less than" side) and the last element of the sorted array, respectively.
3. Loop over the nums array, filling even indices with elements from the "less than" side (pointed by i) and odd indices with elements from the "greater than" side (pointed by j).
4. For each step, decrement the indices i and j to move towards the beginning of their respective halves.

Using this strategy ensures that each even-indexed element comes from the smaller half, guaranteeing it is smaller than the following element (which will come from the greater half). Consequently, every odd-indexed element comes from the larger half, ensuring it is greater than the preceding element (from the smaller half).

Learn more about Divide and Conquer and Sorting patterns.

Solution Approach

The solution to the problem leverages a simple sorting algorithm and then applies an insightful pattern to reorder the nums array into a wiggle sequence. Here's how it works, with a detailed explanation of the code provided earlier.

1. Sorting: First, a sorted copy of the nums array is created, denoted in the code as arr. This step is accomplished using Python's built-in sorting function, which is typically implemented as Timsort and runs in O(N log N) time complexity. This sorted array is used as a reference to build the final wiggle sorted array.

2. Index Calculation: Before we start reordering, we calculate two indices, i and j. Index i is initialized to the mid-point of the first half of the sorted array. If the length of the array n is even, i would be (n / 2) - 1, and if n is odd, it would be (n - 1) / 2. This is done with the expression (n - 1) >> 1, which is a bit-shift operation equivalent to dividing by 2 and floor rounding the result. Index j is initialized to the last element of the sorted array, n - 1.

3. Reordering into a Wiggle Sequence: The code uses a loop to iterate through each position k in the original nums array. For even values of k (where k % 2 == 0), the element at the position i is placed into nums[k]. This ensures that every even-indexed position in nums will receive elements from the smaller half of the arr. After placing the element, i is decremented to move backwards through the first half of arr.

   On the other hand, for odd values of k, the element at position j is placed into nums[k], which ensures that every odd-indexed position in nums will receive elements from the larger half of the arr. Similarly, j is decremented after placing the element to move backwards through the second half.

4. In-Place Update: The reordering of elements is done in place within the input array nums. This means the algorithm does not require additional space proportional to the input size, and the space complexity for this reordering is O(1), not counting the sorted copy of the array.

In summary, the solution algorithm uses a sort operation followed by a smart iterative reordering approach. By placing the smaller numbers at even indices and the larger numbers at odd indices, it achieves the desired wiggle sort pattern that alternates between "<" and ">" relations between adjacent elements.

Example Walkthrough

Let's consider the array nums = [3, 5, 2, 1, 6, 4] and walk through the solution approach to reorder it into a wiggle pattern.

1. Sorting: First, we create a sorted copy of the nums array.

   1arr = sorted(nums)  // arr becomes [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

2. Index Calculation: We calculate the two indices i and j. nums has 6 elements, so n is even.

   1i = (n / 2) - 1 = (6 / 2) - 1 = 2  // points to the third element in arr
   2j = n - 1 = 6 - 1 = 5              // points to the last element in arr

   So i starts at 2 (the element is 3 in the sorted arr), and j starts at 5 (the element is 6 in arr).

3. Reordering into a Wiggle Sequence: We loop through each position k in the original nums array, alternating writing values from arr starting with the i and j indices.

   For k = 0 (even index):

   1nums[0] = arr[i] = 3
   2i = i - 1 = 1

   For k = 1 (odd index):

   1nums[1] = arr[j] = 6
   2j = j - 1 = 4

   For k = 2 (even index):

   1nums[2] = arr[i] = 2
   2i = i - 1 = 0

   For k = 3 (odd index):

   1nums[3] = arr[j] = 5
   2j = j - 1 = 3

   For k = 4 (even index):

   1nums[4] = arr[i] = 1
   2i = i - 1 = -1  // (we don't actually move to -1, as the loop ends)

   For k = 5 (odd index):

   1nums[5] = arr[j] = 4
   2j = j - 1 = 2  // (we don't actually move to 2, as the loop ends)

4. Final Output: The result is an in-place update of nums array into the wiggle pattern:

   1nums = [3, 6, 2, 5, 1, 4]

   This final array satisfies the wiggle condition that for every even-indexed position p, nums[p] is less than nums[p + 1], and for every odd-indexed position q, nums[q] is greater than nums[q - 1].

Solution Implementation

Time and Space Complexity

The time complexity of the provided code is O(n log n). This is because the code includes a sorting operation on the list nums, which typically has a time complexity of O(n log n) for the average sorting algorithm like Timsort used in Python's sorted() method.

After sorting, the code proceeds to rearrange the elements in a single pass through the list. Each iteration of the single pass takes constant time, so the loop has a time complexity of O(n). However, since the sorting step is more dominant, the overall time complexity does not change and remains O(n log n).

The space complexity of the code is O(n) because a new list arr of size n is created when sorting the nums list. Aside from this, the reassignment of values in nums is done in place and does not require any additional space that scales with the input size.

Learn more about how to find time and space complexity quickly using problem constraints.